SPM Biology

Form 4 Biology

Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

  1. Fields and Careers in Biology
  2. Safety and Rules in a Biology Laboratory
  3. Communicating in Biology
  4. Scientific Investigation in Biology

Chapter 2: Cell Biology and Organisation

  1. Cell Structure and Function
  2. Living Processes in Unicellular Organisms
  3. Living Processes in Multicellular Organisms
  4. Levels of Organisation in Multicellular Organisms

Chapter 3: Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane

  1. Structure of Plasma Membrane
  2. Concept of Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane
  3. Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane in Living Organisms
  4. Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane and its Application in Daily Life

Chapter 4: Chemical Compositions in a Cell

  1. Water
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Proteins
  4. Lipids
  5. Nucleic Acids

Chapter 5: Metabolism and Enzymes

  1. Metabolism
  2. Enzymes
  3. Application of Enzymes in Daily Life

Chapter 6: Cell Division

  1. Cell Division
  2. Cell Cycle and Mitosis
  3. Meiosis
  4. Issues of Cell Division on Human Health

Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration

  1. Energy Production through Cellular Respiration
  2. Aerobic Respiration
  3. Fermentation

Chapter 8: Respiratory Systems in Humans and Animals

  1. Types of Respiratory System
  2. Mechanisms of Breathing
  3. Gaseous Exchange in Humans
  4. Health Issues Related to the Human Respiratory System

Chapter 9: Nutrition and the Human Digestive System

  1. Digestive System
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Assimilation
  5. Defaecation
  6. Balanced Diet
  7. Health Issues Related to the Digestive System and Eating Habits

Chapter 10: Transport in Humans and Animals

  1. Types of Circulatory System
  2. Circulatory System of Humans
  3. Mechanism of Heartbeat
  4. Mechanism of Blood Clotting
  5. Blood Groups of Humans
  6. Health Issues Related to the Human Circulatory System
  7. Lymphatic System of Humans
  8. Health Issues Related to the Human Lymphatic System

Chapter 11: Immunity in Humans

  1. Body Defence
  2. Actions of Antibodies
  3. Types of Immunity
  4. Health Issues Related to Immunity

Chapter 12: Coordination and Response in Humans

  1. Coordination and Response
  2. Nervous System
  3. Neurones and Synapse
  4. Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
  5. Health Issues Related to the Nervous System
  6. The Endocrine System
  7. Health Issues Related to the Endocrine System

Chapter 13: Homeostasis and the Human Urinary System

  1. Homeostasis
  2. The Urinary System
  3. Health Issues Related to the Urinary System

Chapter 14: Support and Movement in Humans and Animals

  1. Types of Skeleton
  2. Musculoskeletal System of Humans
  3. Movement and Locomotion
  4. Health Issues Related to the Human Musculoskeletal System

Chapter 15: Sexual Reproduction, Development and Growth in Humans and Animals

  1. Reproductive System of Humans
  2. Gametogenesis in Humans
  3. Menstrual Cycle
  4. Development of Human Foetus
  5. Formation of Twins
  6. Health Issues Related to the Human Reproductive System
  7. Growth in Humans and Animals

Form 5 Biology

Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

  1. Organisation of Plant Tissues
  2. Meristematic Tissues and Growth
  3. Growth Curves

Chapter 2: Leaf Structure and Function

  1. Structure of a Leaf
  2. Main Organ for Gaseous Exchange
  3. Main Organ for Transpiration
  4. Main Organ for Photosynthesis
  5. Compensation Point

Chapter 3: Nutrition in Plants

  1. Main Inorganic Nutrients
  2. Organ for Water and Mineral Salts Uptake
  3. Diversity in Plant Nutrition

Chapter 4: Transport in Plants

  1. Vascular Tissues
  2. Transport of Water and Mineral Salts
  3. Translocation
  4. Phyto-remediation

Chapter 5: Response in Plants

  1. Types of Responses
  2. Phytohormone
  3. Application of Phytohormones in Agriculture

Chapter 6: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

  1. Structure of a Flower
  2. Development of Pollen Grains and Embryo Sac
  3. Pollination and Fertilisation
  4. Development of Seeds and Fruits
  5. Importance of Seeds for Survival

Chapter 7: Adaptations of Plants in Different Habitats

  1. Adaptations of Plants

Chapter 8: Biodiversity

  1. Classification System and Naming of Organisms
  2. Biodiversity
  3. Microorganisms and Viruses

Chapter 9: Ecosystem

  1. Community and Ecosystem
  2. Population Ecology

Chapter 10: Environmental Sustainability

  1. Threats to the Environment
  2. Preservation, Conservation and Restoration of Ecosystems
  3. Practices in Environmental Sustainability
  4. Green Technology

Chapter 11: Inheritance

  1. Monohybrid Inheritance
  2. Dihybrid Inheritance
  3. Genes and Alleles
  4. Inheritance in Humans

Chapter 12: Variation

  1. Types and Factors of Variation
  2. Variation in Humans
  3. Mutation

Chapter 13: Genetic Technology

  1. Genetic Engineering
  2. Biotechnology