Month: April 2025

Why Atoms Combine Goal of Stability: Atoms combine to achieve stable electron arrangements similar to noble gases. Goal of Stability: Atoms combine because they want to become more stable, like the noble gases. Noble gases already have full outer electron shells, so other atoms try to copy that arrangement to feel “safe and complete.” Methods … Read more

Ionic Bond Basics Definition of Ionic Bond: Ionic bonds (ikatan ion) are chemical bonds formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions created by electron transfer. Definition of Ionic Bond: An ionic bond, also known as ikatan ion in Malay, is a type of chemical bond. It happens when one atom gives away one … Read more

Location on the Periodic Table Groups 3–12: Transition elements are located in Groups 3 to 12, known as the d-block of the periodic table. Groups 3–12: Transition elements are found in the center block of the periodic table, specifically in Groups 3 through 12. These groups make up what scientists call the d-block because the … Read more

Group 1 Elements: The Alkali Metals Nomenclature and Identity Group name: Elements in Group 1 are known as alkali metals. Group name: The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table are called alkali metals. They got this name because when they react with water, they form alkaline (basic) solutions. Member elements: This group includes … Read more

Nomenclature and Identity Group name: Group 17 elements are called halogens. Group name: The elements found in Group 17 of the periodic table are known as halogens. The word “halogen” means “salt-former,” because these elements often form salts when they react with metals. Member elements: This group includes fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine … Read more

Nomenclature and Identity Element list: Period 3 includes sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), and argon (Ar). Element list: Period 3 of the periodic table contains eight elements: sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), and argon (Ar). These elements … Read more

Early Contributions Lavoisier’s role: He helped form the initial understanding of chemical elements. Lavoisier’s role: Antoine Lavoisier was one of the first scientists to carefully study and classify substances. He grouped them into elements and compounds, helping others understand that some materials cannot be broken down further. This work laid the foundation for the concept … Read more

Ordering Principle Atomic number order: Elements are organized by increasing atomic number, which equals the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic number order: In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in a sequence that increases by atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons found in the nucleus of each … Read more

Nomenclature and Identity Noble gas names: Group 18 elements are referred to as noble gases or inert gases. Noble gas names: The elements in Group 18 are commonly called noble gases because they do not easily react with other substances. They are also called inert gases because they tend to stay unchanged in chemical reactions … Read more

Chemical Formulae Definition of chemical formula: A chemical formula uses symbols and subscripts to represent the composition of a substance. Definition of chemical formula: A chemical formula is a short and easy way to show what elements are in a substance and how many atoms of each element it contains. Instead of writing a full … Read more